Shutdown commands for Oracle Database

Shutdown Commands:

Shutdown [normal]

1.    Issues checkpoint

2.    Does not allow new sessions.

3.    Waits until all transactions and active sessions to close.

Shutdown transactional

1.    Issues checkpoint

2.    Does not allow new sessions.

3.    Waits until current transactions to close and close all sessions.

Shutdown immediate

1.    Issues checkpoint

2.    Does not allow new sessions.

3.    Waits for committed transactions to close and close all sessions.

Shutdown abort

NO  checkpoint and closes all sessions immediately. So needs recovery when restarts.